Submission Date

7-24-2026

Document Type

Paper- Restricted to Campus Access

Department

Chemistry

Faculty Mentor

Julianne M. Yost

Student Contributor

Grace M. DiGiacomo

Second Student Contributor

Ayan S. Zaman

Comments

Presented during the 28th Annual Summer Fellows Symposium, July 24, 2026 at Ursinus College.

Project Description

Indoles are nitrogen-containing heterocycles that serve as biologically active cores found in pharmaceuticals and natural products. As privileged scaffolds, they act as a template for the design and synthesis of drug therapies that include antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties. Heterocyclic groups are commonly coupled with indoles using the palladium-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, creating a carbon–carbon bond between the two coupling partners. However, conventional reaction conditions utilize a high catalyst loading, environmentally unfriendly solvents, elevated reaction temperatures, and extended reaction times. Recently, chemists have emphasized a need for greener Suzuki reaction conditions. To develop more sustainable reaction conditions, various catalysts, solvents, and bases were systematically screened while reducing temperature and time. This work highlights the diverse application of these optimized conditions and offers chemists a greener alternative for industrial-scale production of novel drug therapies.

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